Capacity to Be Sued!

After realizing that I had a distorted perception of reality I started doing research. Nothing of this world is as it appears and the courts that we are being pulled into are actually extensions of the Agency, Department, or Organization that is bringing the claim. These are courts of review so where was the hearing with the Agency or Department that one is being charged under?

It is unclear if the misuse of the court is deliberate or the result of incompetence and ignorance. Regardless, it is up to us to expose the fact that the municipal and county courts are being misapplied in nearly every case where they charge somebody for a traffic violation, a misdemeanor assault, possession, child abuse, etc. since one has to be engaged in doing the thing under the said license.
Knowledge conquers fear therefore it is up to us to educate ourselves so that we know who we are in every transaction.
The first element is knowing that we are private people and there are public officials that are the people’s “Public Servants” they are trustees of the public Trust.
Next we need to know who can be charged under statute.
How did you become the statutorily defined “person” under license doing the thing that the members of the Legal Society (Lawyer(s) and or Attorney(s) are regulating?

The following is a link that will take you to an educational video describing how a mother quashed allegations made by a CPS employee. She was summoned to court and ended up educating the lawyers moving the case because she knew her “natural rights” as the mother and had the wherewithal to go to the statute that they were using to press the charges. Malika writes, “Check out this CPS success story friends in law! Know that the principles applied here are universally applicable to any administrative court case. Yes, it will work for child support, foreclosures, evictions, repossessions, penal/criminal charges etc that have been filed as a case in court OR threatened to be filed!”
https://www.facebook.com/malikaduke/videos/1164043584767770?idorvanity=536331853577802

Friends in law is a private group so you will need to become a member in order to view the video so you will need to use the next link to become a member of the Friends in Law group:

https://www.facebook.com/groups/536331853577802

For other educational material go to the Lawful Living Rumble channel created by malika the creator of the Facebook Friends in Law group: https://rumble.com/user/LawfulLiving

Once you have watched the videos and have unlearned what you have learned by listening and digesting the information shared in the educational videos on the Lawful Living Rumble channel go to

Then consider becoming a member of the Lawful Living Community and join a group of well researched people actively taking steps towards knowing how the matrix operates. The members meet Tuesday, Thursday, and Friday on zoom. There are a number of amazing people taking steps to resolve the issues that are plaguing our experience of life. You can join this amazing group of change makers by going to: https://www.lawfulliving.com/welcome-to-the-new-www-lawfulliving-com/

Our motto: “We are the lawful living sovereign people, not the legal natural persons!”

Further, the term “the capacity to be sued must be strictly construed” refers to the legal principle that an entity’s ability to be sued in a court of law is not assumed and must be clearly established by law. This principle is particularly relevant in the context of sovereign immunity, where the government or its subdivisions cannot be sued unless they have consented to the lawsuit.

In U.S. law, this principle is reflected in the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, Rule 9(a), which states that a party’s capacity to sue or be sued does not need to be alleged in a pleading except when required to show that the court has jurisdiction¹. Moreover, the Justice Manual from the United States Department of Justice explains that the terms of a statute waiving immunity from suit define the court’s jurisdiction to entertain the suit, and the consent to be sued is no broader than the limitations which condition it². This means that the United States cannot be sued without explicit consent through legislation, and such consent is subject to conditions imposed by Congress, including restrictions on time, place, and manner of suit².

The principle is strictly applied, meaning that any waiver of immunity must be explicitly stated and narrowly interpreted. Jurisdiction cannot be extended beyond the plain language of the statute⁴. This ensures that the government’s consent to be sued is controlled and limited to specific circumstances as determined by law.

Source: Conversation with Bing, 2024-05-18
(1) Rule 9. Pleading Special Matters | Federal Rules of Civil Procedure …. https://www.law.cornell.edu/rules/frcp/rule_9.
(2) 31. Consent to be Sued is Strictly Construed – United States Department …. https://www.justice.gov/jm/civil-resource-manual-31-consent-be-sued-strictly-construed.
(3) 106 Waiver Of Sovereign Immunity – United States Department of Justice. https://www.justice.gov/jm/civil-resource-manual-195-limits-106-waiver-sovereign-immunity.
(4) 31. Consent to be Sued is Strictly Construed – United States Department …. https://www.justice.gov/archives/usam/civil-resource-manual-31-consent-be-sued-strictly-construed.
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The term “Justice Manual 31” likely refers to a specific section or title within the **Justice Manual**, which is a comprehensive resource used by the United States Department of Justice. The Justice Manual, previously known as the **United States Attorneys’ Manual (USAM)**, was comprehensively revised and renamed in 2018¹. It contains guidelines and policies for legal procedures and is used as a reference by attorneys and legal professionals within the Department of Justice.

If you are referring to a specific section within the Justice Manual, such as “Title 31,” it would be related to the **ENRD Resource Manual 31**, which deals with **Stipulation And Joint Motion To Dismiss**². This section outlines the procedures and stipulations for dismissing a case as it pertains to the interests of the United States in a legal proceeding.

For a detailed understanding or specific information, you would need to refer to the Justice Manual directly, which is available on the official website of the United States Department of Justice¹. If you need further assistance with a particular section or legal term within the Justice Manual, feel free to ask!

Source: Conversation with Bing, 2024-05-18
(1) Justice Manual | Justice Manual – United States Department of Justice. https://www.justice.gov/jm/justice-manual.
(2) Justice Manual | 31. Stipulation And Joint Motion To Dismiss | United …. https://www.justice.gov/tl/node/1378281.
(3) Understanding UCMJ Article 31: Rights and Impact on Military Justice. https://ucmj.us/ucmj-article-31/.
(4) Article 31(b) Rights: What Every Service Member Needs to Know. https://www.militaryjusticeattorneys.com/blog/2017/april/article-31-b-rights-what-every-service-member-ne/.

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Certainly! I found several cases related to the Columbus Consolidated Government, but here are the details for the cases that might match your query:

Please note that the specific case of “Adams v. Columbus Consolidated Government” you mentioned does not appear directly in the search results. The closest match is the last one listed, which involves an individual named Jeffrey Adams. If this is not the case you’re looking for, you may want to check the specific details or the spelling of the case name and search again, or consult legal databases for more comprehensive search results.

Adams v. Columbus Consolidated Government

https://casetext.com/case/adams-v-columbus-consol-govt

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The concept of **ejusdem generis** is a legal doctrine used to interpret unclear statutory language where specific words are followed by general terms. Both the Supreme Court of Arkansas and the Supreme Court of the United States have applied this principle in various cases to determine the scope of laws.

For instance, the Supreme Court of the United States has applied **ejusdem generis** in cases to interpret the scope of certain exemptions under the Federal Arbitration Act, as seen in the case of **Bissonnette et al. v. LePage Bakeries Park St., LLC**⁶. Similarly, the Supreme Court of Arkansas would apply ejusdem generis to ensure that general terms in statutes are interpreted to include only items of the same type as the specifically listed items, in line with the doctrine’s purpose to prevent a general term from rendering specific terms meaningless³.

It’s important to note that the application of **ejusdem generis** is specific to the context of each case and the particular statutory language under consideration. Therefore, while both courts recognize and use the principle of ejusdem generis, the outcomes can vary depending on the details of the case and the statutes involved. If you’re looking for information on a specific case or how the doctrine might apply to a particular situation, it would be best to consult legal professionals or review the court’s decisions directly.

_Source: Conversation with Copilot, 2024-05-21
(1) SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES. https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/23pdf/23-51_6647.pdf.
(2) Appellate Lawyers Association – Ejusdem Generis and Statutory Construction. https://applawyers.org/blog/10317283.
(3) In the Supreme Court, unanimous decisions aren’t necessarily the “easy …. https://constitutioncenter.org/blog/in-the-supreme-court-unanimous-decisions-arent-necessarily-the-easy-cases.
(4) SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES. https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/23pdf/22-193_q86b.pdf?_hsenc=p2ANqtz-9G6pscSOX2E3ndYS3YkpWGHAmaZjP-u8zPNLYdRXT_QTCno7PcgtlUSJ9dsX3DKLrjvDov.
(5) EJUSDEM GENERIS Definition & Meaning – Black’s Law Dictionary. https://thelawdictionary.org/ejusdem-generis/.
(6) Ej compan eeps – Norton Rose Fulbright. https://nortonrosefulbright.com/-/media/files/nrf/nrfweb/knowledge-pdfs/us_36962_reprint_ejusdem-generis_nylj_r3.pdf?revision=&revision=.
(7) Ejusdem Generis: What Is It Good For? | Judicature. https://judicature.duke.edu/articles/ejusdem-generis-what-is-it-good-for/.
(8) ejusdem generis | Wex | US Law | LII / Legal Information Institute. https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/ejusdem_generis.
(9) YATES v. UNITED STATES | Supreme Court | US Law | LII / Legal …. https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/13-7451.

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What are the three classes of “persons” that can be sued?

The term “person” and any other word or term used to designate the applicant or other entitled to a benefit or privilege or rendered liable under the provisions of this chapter includes a juristic person as well as a natural person. The term “juristic person” includes a firm, corporation, union, association, or other organization capable of suing and being sued in a court of law.
https://www.law.cornell.edu/definitions/uscode.php?&def_id=15-USC-1086238248-1913738695 which comes from 15 USC § 1127 https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/15/1127
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https://www.justice.gov/jm/civil-resource-manual-31-consent-be-sued-strictly-construed

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Motion for Recusal
A **motion for recusal**, also known as **judicial disqualification**, is a formal request made by a party to a case, asking a judge to step down from presiding over that case. This motion is typically filed when there are concerns about the judge’s impartiality or potential conflicts of interest. Let me explain further:

1. **Purpose of Recusal**:
– The purpose of recusal is straightforward: judges have a duty to be fair, impartial, and ethical when making judgments. When assigned to a case, a judge should review the facts and determine if any conflicts of interest exist that might prevent them from being unbiased.
– Examples of conflicts of interest that might require recusal include:
– **Personal Connection**: If the judge has a personal relationship (e.g., neighbor, best friend) with someone involved in the lawsuit.
– **Prior Knowledge**: If the judge previously handled the case as an attorney or had direct involvement with it.
– Recusal ensures an impartial legal system and is rooted in the Constitution’s guarantee of due process¹.

2. **Requesting Recusal**:
– A party can request recusal by filing a **motion for recusal** with the court. This motion explains why the judge should be disqualified from the case.
– Judges are generally presumed to be impartial, so motions for recusal should not be used as tactics to delay proceedings¹.

3. **Consequences of Not Recusing**:
– If a judge fails to recuse themselves when necessary, they may face consequences. Both federal and state laws require judges to step down if there are grounds for recusal.
– The U.S. Supreme Court emphasizes that judicial recusal is essential for an impartial system¹.

In summary, a motion for recusal allows parties to seek a fair trial by ensuring that judges remain impartial and free from conflicts of interest. If you believe a judge should be recused, you can file such a motion in court¹.

Source: Conversation with Copilot, 2024-05-24
(1) Consequences of Judges Not Recusing Themselves | LegalMatch. https://www.legalmatch.com/law-library/article/consequences-of-judges-not-recusing-themselves.html.
(2) Guide to Disqualification and Recusal – Florida Courts. https://www.flcourts.gov/content/download/862828/file/GuidetoDisqualification%20March%202023.pdf.
(3) Getting a Judge Assigned to Your Case | NY CourtHelp. https://nycourts.gov/courthelp/GoingToCourt/RJI.shtml.
(4) Md. R. Civ. P. Dist. Ct. 3-505 – Casetext. https://casetext.com/rule/maryland-court-rules/title-3-maryland-rules-of-civil-procedure-district-court/chapter-500-trial/rule-3-505-disqualification-of-judge.
(5) Supreme Court clarifies correct standard for recusal of judge. https://www.jurist.org/news/2017/03/supreme-court-clarifies-correct-standard-for-recusal-of-a-judge/.

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Here’s what I found about the case **Michael Eddie Norman v. Statesboro Police Department**:

1. In the **United States District Court for the Southern District of Georgia, Statesboro Division**, the case was filed as **Civil Action No.: 6:18-cv-102**¹. The parties involved were:
– **Plaintiff**: Eddie Michael Norman
– **Defendants**:
– Statesboro Police Department
– Bulloch County Sheriff Department
– Unnamed Statesboro Police Department Officer

2. The court issued an order on **February 13, 2020**. After an independent review, the court adopted the **Magistrate Judge’s Report and Recommendation**. Here are the key points:
– The court **dismissed** the plaintiff’s claims against the **Statesboro Police Department** and the **Bulloch County Sheriff’s Department**.
– The plaintiff was **denied leave to appeal in forma pauperis** for these dismissed claims.
– However, the plaintiff’s **excessive force claim** against the **Unnamed Statesboro Police Department Officer** remained pending.

3. Later, on **August 4, 2020**, the case was **dismissed without prejudice for failure to prosecute** and stands closed. The plaintiff was also **denied ifp status on appeal**².

For more details, you can refer to the court documents linked above. If you need further assistance, feel free to ask! 😊

Source: Conversation with Copilot, 2024-05-25
(1) IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF …. https://ia802804.us.archive.org/13/items/gov.uscourts.gasd.76169/gov.uscourts.gasd.76169.7.0.pdf.
(2) IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF …. https://cases.justia.com/federal/district-courts/georgia/gasdce/6:2018cv00102/76169/16/0.pdf.
(3) Norman v. Statesboro Police Department et al. https://www.pacermonitor.com/public/case/25843521/Norman_v_Statesboro_Police_Department_et_al.

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5 U.S. Code § 2105 – Employee

(a) For the purpose of this title, “employee”, except as otherwise provided by this section or when specifically modified, means an officer and an individual who is—
(1) appointed in the civil service by one of the following acting in an official capacity—
(A) the President;
(B) a Member or Members of Congress, or the Congress;
(C) a member of a uniformed service;
(D) an individual who is an employee under this section;
(E) the head of a Government controlled corporation; or
(F) an adjutant general designated by the Secretary concerned under section 709(c) of title 32;
(2) engaged in the performance of a Federal function under authority of law or an Executive act; and
(3) subject to the supervision of an individual named by paragraph (1) of this subsection while engaged in the performance of the duties of his position.
(b) An individual who is employed at the United States Naval Academy in the midshipmen’s laundry, the midshipmen’s tailor shop, the midshipmen’s cobbler and barber shops, and the midshipmen’s store, except an individual employed by the Academy dairy (if any), and whose employment in such a position began before October 1, 1996, and has been uninterrupted in such a position since that date is deemed an employee.
(c) An employee paid from nonappropriated funds of the Army and Air Force Exchange Service, Navy Ships Stores Program, Navy exchanges, Marine Corps exchanges, Coast Guard exchanges, and other instrumentalities of the United States under the jurisdiction of the armed forces conducted for the comfort, pleasure, contentment, and mental and physical improvement of personnel of the armed forces is deemed not an employee for the purpose of—
(1) laws administered by the Office of Personnel Management, except—
(A) section 7204;
(B) as otherwise specifically provided in this title;
(C) the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938;
(D) for the purpose of entering into an interchange agreement to provide for the noncompetitive movement of employees between such instrumentalities and the competitive service; or
(E) subchapter V of chapter 63, which shall be applied so as to construe references to benefit programs to refer to applicable programs for employees paid from nonappropriated funds; or
(2) subchapter I of chapter 81, chapter 84 (except to the extent specifically provided therein), and section 7902 of this title.
This subsection does not affect the status of these nonappropriated fund activities as Federal instrumentalities.
(d) A Reserve of the armed forces who is not on active duty or who is on active duty for training is deemed not an employee or an individual holding an office of trust or profit or discharging an official function under or in connection with the United States because of his appointment, oath, or status, or any duties or functions performed or pay or allowances received in that capacity.
(e) Except as otherwise provided by law, an employee of the United States Postal Service or of the Postal Regulatory Commission is deemed not an employee for purposes of this title.
(f) For purposes of sections 1212, 1213, 1214, 1215, 1216, 1221, 1222, 2302, and 7701, employees appointed under chapter 73 or 74 of title 38 shall be employees.

Let me provide some context regarding **Title 38** and its implications for employees in the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA).

Title 38 of the United States Code (**38 U.S.C.**) pertains to **Veterans’ Benefits**. Within this title, there are specific provisions related to the appointment and employment of individuals in various occupations within the VA. Let’s break it down:

1. **Section 7401(1) Employees**:
– These are employees of the Department of Veterans Affairs who work on a full-time basis under a permanent appointment.
– They hold positions listed in **section 7401(1)** of Title 38.
– Note that this category excludes employees in senior executive positions and interns and residents appointed under **section 7406**².

2. **Medical Support Personnel**:
– Title 38 also covers medical support personnel.
– This includes individuals appointed under the authority of **chapter 73 or 74** of Title 38¹.
– These medical support roles play a crucial part in providing healthcare services to veterans.

3. **Professional Standards Boards**:
– Previously, there were **Professional Standards Boards** responsible for certain hybrid Title 38 (HT38) occupations.
– However, in **Phase 3** of revisions to VA policies, these boards were dissolved for several occupations, including physical therapy assistants, occupational therapy assistants, marriage and family therapists, and others¹.
– The dissolution of these boards streamlines the appointment and advancement process for HT38 positions.

In summary, Title 38 outlines the rules and procedures for appointing and advancing employees in various roles within the VA. It ensures that veterans receive quality care and services from dedicated professionals. If you have any further questions or need additional information, feel free to ask! 😊⁴

Source: Conversation with Copilot, 2024-05-25
(1) 38 USC PART V, CHAPTER 74, SUBCHAPTER V: DISCIPLINARY AND … – House. https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?path=/prelim@title38/part5/chapter74/subchapter5&edition=prelim.
(2) Department of Veterans Affairs VA HANDBOOK 5005/129 STAFFING 1. REASON …. https://www.va.gov/vapubs/viewPublication.asp?Pub_ID=1146&FType=2.
(3) Department of Veterans Affairs VA HANDBOOK 5005/161 January 29, 2024 …. https://www.va.gov/vapubs//viewPublication.asp?Pub_ID=1479&FType=2.
(4) U.S.C. Title 38 – VETERANS’ BENEFITS – GovInfo. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2019-title38/html/USCODE-2019-title38-partV-chap74-subchapV-sec7461.htm.

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South Dakota #ATTORNEYSHOWAUTHORITY

SDCL 16-18-12. Proof of authority required of attorney.

The court may on motion of either party and on showing of reasonable grounds therefor, require the attorney for the adverse party, or for any one of the several adverse parties, to produce or prove by his oath or otherwise the authority under which he appears, and until he does so may stay all proceedings by him on behalf of the parties for whom he assumes to appear.

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“Ejusdem generis” is a Latin legal principle that means “of the same kind.” When interpreting statutes or contracts, it comes into play when general words or phrases follow specific ones. In such cases, the general words are limited to apply only to persons or things of the same kind or class as those expressly mentioned. For example, if a law refers to automobiles, trucks, tractors, motorcycles, and other motor-powered vehicles, a court might use ejusdem generis to hold that such vehicles would not include airplanes, because the list included only land-based transportation. It’s a helpful guide for understanding intent in legal contexts. If intent is found, ejusdem generis does not subvert that intent. 📜🔍

Source: Conversation with Copilot, 2024-06-05
(1) ejusdem generis | Wex | US Law | LII / Legal Information Institute. https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/ejusdem_generis.
(2) Ejusdem Generis: It Is Known by the Company It Keeps. https://www.law.com/newyorklawjournal/2021/10/14/ejusdem-generis-it-is-known-by-the-company-it-keeps/.
(3) Ejusdem Generis: What Is It Good For? | Judicature. https://judicature.duke.edu/articles/ejusdem-generis-what-is-it-good-for/.

There is a similar definition for the term “Canadian person” in Canadian tax law. According to the definition, a “Canadian person” includes:

– Any person who is a national or resident of Canada,
– Any corporation, partnership, or other entity created or organized under the laws of Canada or any of its political subdivisions,
– Any estate or trust whose income is subject to Canadian federal income taxation, regardless of its source¹.

This definition is somewhat analogous to the “United States person” definition in Title 26 of the U.S. Code, covering individuals, entities, and certain trusts and estates based on their connection to Canada.

If you have any more questions about tax definitions or need further clarification, feel free to ask!

Source: Conversation with Copilot, 2024-10-14
(1) Canadian Person Definition: 161 Samples – Law Insider. https://www.lawinsider.com/dictionary/canadian-person.
(2) The Concept of Residence in Canadian Tax Law. https://www.bakertilly.ca/en/btc/publications/the-concept-of-residence-in-canadian-tax-law.
(3) Determining your tax residency status in Canada – RBC Wealth Management. https://ca.rbcwealthmanagement.com/documents/1435520/3126687/NAV0224_tax_residency_Canada_aoda_EN.pdf/2572e966-411c-47a8-bf7a-331346222b83.
(4) Determining your residency status – Canada.ca. https://www.canada.ca/en/revenue-agency/services/tax/international-non-residents/information-been-moved/determining-your-residency-status.html.
(5) Non-residents of Canada – Canada.ca. https://www.canada.ca/en/revenue-agency/services/tax/international-non-residents/individuals-leaving-entering-canada-non-residents/non-residents-canada.html.

To become a national or resident of Canada, there are several pathways:

### Becoming a Permanent Resident
1. **Express Entry**: This is a points-based system for skilled workers. It includes programs like the Federal Skilled Worker Program, the Federal Skilled Trades Program, and the Canadian Experience Class¹.
2. **Provincial Nominee Program (PNP)**: Each province and territory has its own immigration programs targeting specific needs¹.
3. **Family Sponsorship**: If you have a family member who is a Canadian citizen or permanent resident, they can sponsor you¹.
4. **Business Immigration**: For entrepreneurs, investors, and self-employed individuals¹.

### Becoming a Canadian Citizen
1. **Permanent Residency**: You must first become a permanent resident².
2. **Residency Requirement**: Live in Canada for at least 3 out of the last 5 years (1,095 days)².
3. **Tax Filing**: File taxes for at least 3 years within the 5-year period².
4. **Language Skills**: Prove proficiency in English or French if you are between 18 and 54 years old².
5. **Citizenship Test**: Pass a test on your knowledge of Canada’s rights, responsibilities, and history².
6. **Oath of Citizenship**: Attend a citizenship ceremony and take the oath².

Would you like more details on any specific pathway or requirement?

Source: Conversation with Copilot, 2024-10-14
(1) Move to Canada from the US | Immigration, Work, & Study Visa Options. https://www.canadavisa.com/moving-to-canada-from-the-u-s.html.
(2) Apply for citizenship: Who can apply – Canada.ca. https://www.canada.ca/en/immigration-refugees-citizenship/services/canadian-citizenship/become-canadian-citizen/eligibility.html.
(3) Paths to permanent residency and immigration in Canada. https://www.educanada.ca/live-work-vivre-travailler/work-travail/residency-permanent-resident.aspx?lang=eng.
(4) What are the requirements for becoming a Canadian citizen?. https://www.ircc.canada.ca/english/helpcentre/answer.asp?qnum=355&top=5.
(5) A Guide to Canadian Citizenship | CanadianVisa. https://canadianvisa.org/canada-immigration/canadian-citizenship.
(6) Apply for Canadian citizenship – Canada.ca. https://www.canada.ca/en/immigration-refugees-citizenship/services/canadian-citizenship/become-canadian-citizen.html.

### Definition of “National”
A “national” generally refers to a person who owes allegiance to a country. In the context of U.S. law, a national is someone who is either a citizen of the United States or a person who, though not a citizen, owes permanent allegiance to the United States. This definition can be found in the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) at 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(22).

### Definition of “Resident”
A “resident” for tax purposes is defined under different criteria depending on the country. In the U.S., a resident is someone who meets either the Green Card Test or the Substantial Presence Test as outlined in the Internal Revenue Code (IRC) at 26 U.S.C. § 7701(b).

– **Green Card Test**: You are a resident if you are a lawful permanent resident of the U.S. at any time during the calendar year.
– **Substantial Presence Test**: You are a resident if you are physically present in the U.S. for at least 31 days during the current year and 183 days during the 3-year period that includes the current year and the 2 years immediately before that, counting all the days of presence in the current year, 1/3 of the days of presence in the first year before the current year, and 1/6 of the days in the second year before the current year¹.

Would you like more detailed information on any of these definitions or their applications?
¹: [IRS – Determining an individual’s tax residency status](https://www.irs.gov/individuals/international-taxpayers/determining-an-individuals-tax-residency-status)

Source: Conversation with Copilot, 2024-10-14
(1) Introduction to residency under U.S. tax law. https://www.irs.gov/individuals/international-taxpayers/introduction-to-residency-under-us-tax-law.
(2) 26 U.S. Code § 7701 – Definitions | U.S. Code | US Law | LII / Legal …. https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/26/7701.
(3) Determining an individual’s tax residency status. https://bing.com/search?q=definition+of+national+and+resident+in+tax+code.
(4) Determining an individual’s tax residency status. https://www.irs.gov/individuals/international-taxpayers/determining-an-individuals-tax-residency-status.
(5) U.S. Residency and Taxes: Am I a Citizen, Resident, Resident Alien, or …. https://www.heytaxman.com/free-tax-advice/blog/2024/may/u-s-residency-and-taxes-am-i-a-citizen-resident-/.

The term “Canadian citizen” is defined in the **Citizenship Act** of Canada. According to the Citizenship Act, a Canadian citizen is:

1. **A person who was born in Canada**,
2. **A person who was born outside Canada to a Canadian parent**, or
3. **A person who has been granted citizenship through the naturalization process**.

You can find the specific definitions and provisions in the **Citizenship Act (R.S.C., 1985, c. C-29)**¹.

Would you like more details on any specific aspect of Canadian citizenship?
¹: [Citizenship Act (R.S.C., 1985, c. C-29)](https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-29/)

Source: Conversation with Copilot, 2024-10-14
(1) The rights and responsibilities of citizenship – Canada.ca. https://www.canada.ca/en/immigration-refugees-citizenship/corporate/publications-manuals/operational-bulletins-manuals/canadian-citizenship/overview/rights-responsibilities.html.
(2) Canadian Citizenship – The Canadian Encyclopedia. https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/citizenship.
(3) Canadian nationality law – Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_nationality_law.
(4) Canadian citizen Definition – Law Insider. https://www.lawinsider.com/dictionary/canadian-citizen.

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Capacity to Be Sued!

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